He was crucified as "the King of the Jews" in Jerusalem, city of kings. P.349, The Moslem World. All parts make up the whole. Apostle to the Gentiles by Thomas Schreiner Paul's conversion on the Damascus Road also represented his calling to serve as a missionary to the nations. "@QuadGMoto @grcastleberry Just because Jesus was silent on the subject of gays and transsexuals doesn't give you the right to declare it a sin. Get the answers to frequently asked questions on Christian beliefs and practices. They were the original inhabitants of the land that God later gave to Israel. Jesus knew that these things prophesied in Daniel 7 would take place after His suffering on the cross, His resurrection and His return to heaven. The Hebrew translation of Son of Man is ben Adam, literally, Son of Adam or son of mankind. Originally, when used to refer to the prophet Ezekiel, it meant only man, as opposed to God, and reminded Ezekiel of his humble status. God provided! But it is not necessary to assume that Jesus was influenced by Enoch. Pamela Palmer is a writer, speaker, and the founder of upheldlife.com, the platform on which she produces devotionals and faith resources to inspire keeping faith at the center of life. You are simply called to be ready and to share what God has done in your life. Goyim; Gr. The word ummi occurs six times in the Quran. Following this revelation, which convinced Paul that God had indeed chosen Jesus to be the promised messiah, he went into Arabia probably Coele-Syria, west of Damascus (Galatians 1:17). The Scripture, foreseeing that God would justify the Gentiles by faith, preached the gospel beforehand to Abraham, saying, All the nations will be blessed in you (Galatians 3:8). Only the disciples were present, and all were Jews. Novak states that, "The biblical categories of Gentiles, beginning with those farthest removed from a relationship with Israel and moving up to those closest to a relationship with Israel, seem to be: (1) the Amalekites; (2) the seven Canaanite nations; (3) the nations of the world; (4) the Samaritans; (5) slaves; (6) resident aliens; (7) proselytes. Jeremiah 23:5-6 He would be David's kingly heir. This word means nations or people. When Jethro heard of all God had done for Moses and the Israelites, he declared that certainly their God was greater than any other gods. Used by permission. And at the end of the gospel, it is revealed that these two hours are actually one and the same. Answers to questions on donations, financial policies, Crus annual report and more. United Kingdom: Inter-Varsity.P. [1] Other groups that claim Israelite heritage, notably Mormons, sometimes use the term gentile to describe outsiders. She lives and thrives on Jesus, coffee, and music. Jesus knew that the covenant agreement God made with His people at Mt. The animal soul of man is the good and evil inclination. According to Ophir and Rosen-Zvi, an attitude of general antagonism toward non-Jews first appears in the books of Ezra and Nehemiah. The forerunner will come in the likeness of an Old Testament prophet; he will stand in the tradition of the fiery man of God named Elijah (Malachi 4:5). The Talmud itself contends that gentiles may learn material necessary to properly observe the seven Noahide laws. 5. Rahab is the first recorded Gentile convert. You can serve others to build relationships for spiritual conversations and to care for others. Just as the 12 apostles symbolically represent the 12 tribes of Israel, the 70 symbolize the Gentile nations. Judaism and other religions: Model of Understanding, Alan Brill, Springer Books, 2010, p. 165, Does Judaism condone violence?Holiness and ethics in the Jewish tradition, Alan L. Mittleman, Princeton University Press, 2018, P. 71, The Mystic Quest: An introduction to Jewish mysticism, David S. Ariel, Jason Aaronson Inc, 1977, P. 132, Does Judaism condone violence?Holiness and ethics in the Jewish tradition, Alan L. Mittleman, Princeton University Press, 2018, P. 72, The Serpent Kills or the Serpent Gives Life: The Kabbalist Abraham Abulafias Response to Christianity, Robert J. Sagerman, Brill, 2011, P. 70, The Moslem World. For this gospel of the kingdom shall be preached in the whole world for a witness to all nations, and after that, the end shall come (Matthew 24:4-14, authors paraphrase). Jesus derived this term from two principal sources: the Old Testament Books of Ezekiel and Daniel. Accordingly, Novak observes, gentiles as well as Israelites are enjoined in the book of Psalms to, "Ascribe to the Lord glory and strength" Psalms 96:7[10]. Show Notes: Christ is coming forth in a many-membered body . While not one of the accepted books of the Bible that came from God, the Book of Enoch, an apocalyptic discourse widely circulated during the first century, exalted the figure even beyond Daniels vision. Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad hasidic dynasty, claims that Jews like gentiles possess a vital animal soul,but the animal soul of the Jew comes from the fourth husk (Qliphoth nogah), while the animal soul of the gentiles comes from the three lower impure husks (Qliphoth Tumaot). Rahab:The man who married Ruth was the son of another Gentile woman, Rahab. 2. The word stems from the Hebrew term goy, which means a "nation," and was applied both to the Hebrews and to any other nation. And to Him was given dominion, glory and a kingdom, that all the peoples, nations and men of every language might serve Him. God demonstrated His heart for the nations by including them in His covenant with Abraham the father of Israel. All rights reserved. A clear instance in Matthew of Jesus' outreach beyond the Jews is His interaction with the Roman centurion: Matthew 8:5-13 (RSV) As he entered Caper'na-um, a centurion came forward to him . God showed the Apostle John a vision of heaven, recorded in the Book of Revelation. According to Herodotus it was the poets Homer and Hesiod, writing in the 8th century B.C., who gave the Greeks their gods. But Jesus knew that the small nucleus of a new chosen people, the remnant of Israel, was soon to be enlarged, as the many for whom He died heard the good news of His love and forgiveness and placed their trust in Him as their Lord and Savior. Jesus appeared to Paul (Acts 9) and named Paul his chosen instrument to proclaim [his] name to the Gentiles and their kings and to the people of Israel (Acts 9:15). Which will not be destroyed (7:13-14, NASB). Genomic data reveals clues. Archaeologists in Israel said some 20 km (12 miles) from Jerusalem, on November 2, 2008, that they had unearthed the oldest Hebrew text ever found, while excavating a fortress city overlooking a valley where the Bible says David slew Goliath. Cornelius He was a Roman centurion who converted to Christianity. The word "barbarian" originated in ancient Greece, and was initially used to describe all non-Greek-speaking peoples, including Persians, Egyptians, Medes . Sometimes it designates people of non-Israelite lineage, sometimes people of non-Jewish lineage, and sometimes nations that are without the gospel, even though there may be some Israelite blood among the people. (Augustine, Sermon 5, 8; PL 38, 59)(2) Come to him and be enlightened. Gods promise to bless the nations of the earth the Gentiles. Rabbinical tradition assumed that this was the total number of nations scattered over the earth after the Tower of Babel and repeatedly referred to the 70 Gentile peoples. Concerning His return in glory, He was purposely vague, declaring, But concerning that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, nor the Son, but the Father only (Matthew 24:36, ESV). Towards Understanding the Qur'an: English Only Edition. This mystery is that through the gospel the Gentiles are heirs together with Israel, members together of one body, and sharers together in the promise in Christ Jesus. Copyright 2001 Cru, Inc. All rights reserved. Jesus desired the Gentiles (the nations) in his kingdom. Jesus was talking about Jewish marriage rituals and Jewish law does not apply to gentiles." There was a note of urgency with which Jesus began His ministry. Galatians 2:12 KJV For before that certain came from James, he did eat with the Gentiles: but when they were come, he withdrew and separated himself, fearing them which were of the circumcision. There are people that, just as Paul described them, have hardened their hearts and live for themselves, rejecting the message of hope and salvation in Jesus. It was Jesus who said to his disciples (all Jews), "Unless you eat the flesh of . But if such conjectu. While Christians may relate to baptism as a sign of covenant and purity before God, these still don't bridge the gap to John the Baptist's "baptism of repentance"-or to the messianic thrust of his . John Gills commentary explains the significance of circumcising Gentile converts: For by this means [a Gentile] would become a proselyte of righteousness and in all respects as an Israelite, or son of Abraham, a native and proper inhabitant of Canaan, enjoying all the privileges and immunities of such.. And surely I am with you always, to the very end of the age (Matthew 28:18-20). Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. He and his family joined Moses in the desert. Jesus first sermon in his hometown of Nazareth demonstrates that His life purpose extended far beyond the nation of Israel. They had been driven from a half dozen eastern states and were denied asylum in all others. In rabbinical commentary and popular thought, the term had already been highly spiritualized, indicating the ideal man, almost divine in nature. Instead, the Bible views different groups of gentiles in different ways. Evidence seems to indicate measles first appeared sometime between the 11th and 12th . Even one who is not an erudite Torah scholar is obligated to recognize this simple fact; it cannot be erased or obscured One who carefully studies the sources cited previously will realize the abysmal difference between the concepts "Jew" and "Gentile" -- and consequently, he will understand why Halacha differentiates between them.[15][16]. Carved in bold Greek letters, 2,000-year-old Herodian inscription marked off the section of Jerusalem's most sacred site where gentiles couldn't go -- and shows they were welcome elsewhere in holy . We handle the entire claim process from calling in the initial claim for the customer to handling deductible waivers and arranging on-site rentals to dealing with and read more. And from this nation would come another, Messiah, who would fulfill all of what was written and hoped for in the Old Testament, thereby bringing the blessing of Abraham to the nations. This passage gives us an idea of what it means to be a gentile following the death and resurrection of Jesus. Relations between Jews and non-Jews in the Hellenistic-Roman period were marked by suspicion and hate, maintain most studies of that topic. The plural, goyim, especially with the definite article, ha-goyim, "the nations," meant nations of the world that were not Hebrew. Rabbi Yohannan said :That is correct. "I had no idea that a simple evangelistic film would be shared with so many family members. Lukes Gospel tells of a later preaching mission in which 70 others were sent out two by two (Luke 10:1). Indeed, in the very same context is the prediction that the preaching ministry of the disciples would be extended to the Gentiles; You shall even be brought before governors and kings for My sake, as a testimony to them and to the Gentiles (Matthew 10:18, NASB 1977). Rabbinical tradition assumed that this was the total number of nations scattered over the earth after the Tower of Babel and repeatedly referred to the 70 Gentile peoples. Therefore go and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, and teaching them to obey everything I have commanded you. In both Scripture passages, Gods promise to make Abraham into a great nation is also a promise of blessing for the nations the Gentiles. God initially chose one man, Abraham, through whom He would grow the nation of Israel (Genesis 12). He made a covenant with them and revealed His commandments to them, which they were to live according to. Mohammad was termed ummi, meaning a gentile, as distinguished from an Israelite. What Does It Mean That There Is No One Holy Like God? Nonetheless, because the God of Israel is a universal God, there must be some relationship between gentiles and God. Mission to the nations depends upon Jesus' accomplishment of his mission to Israel. But when He does come, He promised, Before Him will be gathered all the nations, and He will separate people one from another as a shepherd separates the sheep from the goats (Matthew 25:32, ESV). Do not go in the way of the Gentiles, He said, and do not enter any city of the Samaritans; but rather go to the lost sheep of the house of Israel (Matthew 10:5-6, NASB). Virtually none came from the North. Take the next step in your faith journey with resources on prayer, devotionals and other tools for personal and spiritual growth. Secondly, at a theoretical level, gentiles are discussed because, in order to define the people of Israel and its symbols and institutions, it was necessary to define who lay outside that group. The English word gentile derives from the Latin word gentilis, meaning "of or belonging to the same people or nation" (from Latin gns 'clan, tribe, people, family'). She was not only included in Gods blessings but also in the lineage of Jesus Christ. Their xenophobia stood to reason: they were victims of religious discrimination, from ridicule in the press to acts of mob violence. Jesus identified John the Baptist as the Elijah whom Malachi had promised. But many others who thought they were sons of the kingdom (the chosen people of Israel) shall be shut out (Matthew 8: 11-12, authors paraphrase). 45-73. Jesus told his disciples to go to the nations with the gospel. The torch has been passed to all believers to continue sharing the Gospel message to anyone who has not yet heard of or decided to follow Jesus. I became a servant of this gospel by the gift of Gods grace given me through the working of his power. The 70 were sent later on a training mission in preparation for their ultimate mission to the whole world. He believed that except for the descendants of the Amaleks, the rest of the gentiles will adopt monotheism and the righteous among them will escape Gehenna. He then gave an example: There were many widows in Israel in the days of Elijah and Elijah was sent to none of them but only to Zarephath, in the land of Sidon, to a woman who was a widow (Luke 4:25-26, ESV). Corrections? Reaching students and faculty in middle and high school. The term is also sometimes used to refer to any person who is not a Mormon. Just as the 12 apostles symbolically represent the 12 tribes of Israel, the 70 symbolize the Gentile nations. Commander of a band of 100 foreign soldiers quartered at Capernaum to keep the peace, this Roman leader was despised by the Jews who resented this army of occupation. Conscious of his own authority as a military man, he humbly assured Jesus that it would not be necessary for Him to go to his house to heal his servant (and thus render Himself unclean because He was a Jewish man by entering a Gentile home). "[32], Thus, in such usage, Jewish people may be gentiles because they are not members of the LDS Church.[33]. Then, when God saw what they did and how they turned from their evil ways, he relented and did not bring on them the destruction he had threatened (Jonah 3:10). "The Gentiles shall come to your light" (Isaiah 60:3; Malachi 1:11; Acts 13:46, 47). The Gentiles' Full Inclusion | Reformed Bible Studies & Devotionals at Ligonier.org | Reformed Bible Studies & Devotionals at Ligonier.org We receive individuals as full communing members in the local church based not on their ethnic background, income, social status, or any other category. It was this love that sent Jesus into the world, as noted in the opening of the New Testament. The Lords touch is his hand correcting and giving life. He is often quoted by antisemites[12] in his sayings: "The best among the Gentiles deserves to be killed", "The most pious woman is addicted to sorcery" and "The best of snakes ought to have its head crushed". However, when the scope of Scripture is taken into account, Gods plan of redemption has always included the Gentiles. Gods promise to make Abraham into a great nation Israel. A Canaanite (Gentile) womans faith was rewarded when her daughter was healed. -Quran 62:2[34]. Learn about Cru's global leadership team. With the ministry of Paul the Apostle the gospel began to be spread among the non-Jewish subjects of the Roman empire. Gentile thus served as a call to circle the wagons socially and politically around the fold - a means of naming the other", Needham goes on to say that today Mormons have "outgrown the term."[2]. But above all, the prophet declares, Gods patience is coming to an end because the people who were supposed to make God Yahweh known and shown to the nations of the world have failed to do so. In Matthew 8:11, Jesus stated that, in heaven, many Gentiles will dine together with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.As mentioned earlier, Jews and Gentiles didn't dine together, yet Jesus envisioned a day when Gentiles would dine with the Jewish Patriarchs. The modern period has witnessed a burgeoning interest in this topic, however, with treatments reflecting profound concerns about the nature of Jewish authenticity and the developing intercourse between Jews and Christians. But only say the word, and my servant will be healed, he declared with genuine faith (Matthew 8:8, ESV). Explore answers to life's biggest questions. The woman understood and didnt challenge this. Christianity.com, Smiths Bible Dictionary: Gentiles. We know from biblical accounts that God gave the Jewish nation (Israel): Gentile nations did not have the same access to knowledge of Gods laws, and they usually broke Gods laws repeatedly and in reprehensible ways (Genesis 6:5, Genesis 18:20-21, Judges 19). He expressed this so strongly that some have concluded that He envisioned no mission beyond Israel. God insisted on this separation not because the Jewish ethnicity was anything holy in itself, but to protect the purity of their faith. The LDS Church's website states this about the meaning of gentile in Scripture (including the Book of Mormon), "As used in the scriptures, gentiles has several meanings. Gentile converts were welcome, but not their sinful beliefs and practices. Other descriptions of the soul add two more levels Chaya and Yechida. And it wasn't the big fish story! Before Jesus Christ came to completely forgive (Ephesians 1:7-8) and take away sin (1 John 3:5), this meant rigorously keeping the Law of Moses and sacrificing when the Law was inevitably broken. John the Baptist had been sent as a messenger to prepare the way for Gods Son, Jesus, the Messiah. The soul of the gentiles comes from the three shells: wind, cloud and fire, all of them evil.[22]. Once they heard Jonahs message, they believed God and repented from evil (Jonah 3:5-8). Still, Jews were often drawn astray to the gods of other nations (1 Kings 11:1-6). And then they will see the Son of Man coming in clouds with great power and glory (Mark 13:26, ESV). Aug 29, 2018. God sent His Son, Jesus, that whoever believes in Him would have eternal life (John 3:16). Under the circumstances, the number of personal contacts with Gentiles recorded in the Gospels is surprising. So He cleansed this corruption from the court of the Gentiles (the outermost court of the temple in Jerusalem that could be entered by all peoples), declaring sternly, My house shall be called a house of prayer for all the nations (Mark 11:17, ESV). Jesus ministered to the Jews for the Gentiles. Because God is so concerned that He be honored among the nations, He is about to act, Malachi warns. Although Jesus focused his limited time of earthly ministry teaching and making disciples of Jewish people, he knew the ultimate plan was for all nations to hear the gospel. One of the yeshiva's scholars, David Bar-Hayim, published a paper in 1989 in which he explained the doctrine, entitled "Yisrael Nikraim Adam" (Jews Are Called 'Men'). United Kingdom: Nile Mission Press. In that context, they (1) enter the house of a gentile, probably for the first time in their lives; (2) hear Peter declare that God accepts people from "every nation" (Acts 10:35); and then (3) witness "the gift of the Holy Spirit" being poured out on the gentiles, who "speak with tongues and magnify God" (Acts 10:47), so they had a lot to take in. [12] He believed that gentiles only perform animal sacrifice to make a name for themselves. During periods of decreased animosity between Jews and gentiles, some of the rabbinic laws against fellowship and fraternization were relaxed; for example, Maimonides was the personal physician of Saladin. Reflecting Jesus together for the good of the city. Salvation in Jesus strips away the things that would usually divide us and draws us together as the nation of God. "Yisrael Nikraim Adam", Tzfiyah, v. 3, 1989, pp. Internship opportunities with Cru's ministries. There are prominent Gentiles throughout the Bible that include: Jethro The father-in-law of Moses was a Midianite priest. [12] Eleazar ben Azariah believed that the rulings performed by a gentile court are not valid for Jews. The last recorded words Jesus said before ascending to heaven after his death and resurrection were these: All authority in heaven and on earth has been given to me. [26]. Pamela married the perfect man for her and they have two beautiful kiddos. Article Images Copyright 2023 Getty Images unless otherwise indicated. The concept of Gentiles is found in the Old Testament. In exploring these issues, Jewish commentators have presented Paul in a number of apparently . Israel was to be an example for Gentiles. Of course, to the early Reform, imitating the . [5], The English word gentile derives from the Latin word gentilis, meaning "of or belonging to the same people or nation" (from Latin gns'clan, tribe, people, family'). This latter usage is especially characteristic of the word as used in the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants. The alternative pagani was felt to be less elegant. 12.1 miles away from Gentile's Auto Body. Live in another country building relationships and ministries with eternal impact. Another time, among 10 lepers healed, one was a Samaritan (a mixed race, half-Jew), and Jesus remarked upon the fact that only the foreigner returned to thank Him (Luke 17:12-19). For example, the only use of the word in Genesis is in chapter 10, verse 5, referring to the peopling of the world by descendants of Japheth, "By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations."[28]. Does the Bible Mention What to Give Up for Lent? [12], Other rabbinical writings show more hostility towards gentiles which needs to be understood in the context of frequent persecution of the Jews in this period. Malachi was a Jewish prophet someone who spoke to God and for God. 2 Then after fourteen years I went up again to Jerusalem with Barnabas, taking Titus along with me. Jesus message of repentance, salvation, His death and resurrection all extend to not only Jewish people, but to gentiles, as well. With unbroken continuity, the New Testament picks up right where the Old Testament left off. Truly, I say to you, wherever this gospel is proclaimed in the whole world, what she has done will also be told in memory of her (Matthew 26:12,13, ESV). The personal character and career of one man are so intimately connected with the great scheme of the years 1719 and 1720, that a history of the Mississippi madness can have no fitter introduction than a sketch of the life of its great author John Law. Jewish Christian beliefs died out around the fifth century, after being rejected by both orthodox Judaism and orthodox Christianity. 4. Show Thru the Bible - Questions & Answers on Oneplace.com, Ep Questions & Answers 3112 - Jun 4, 2022 View our top Cru resources in more than 20 languages. Hagar:God also reached out to Hagar, a Gentile slave of Abraham and Sarah, when she was treated poorly and in need. Faith to Faith: Christianity & Islam in Dialogue. In it, Gods kingdom was full of people Jews and Gentiles worshipping their savior. For example, scholars from the Zionist HaRav Kook yeshiva are schooled in the doctrine that Jews and gentiles have different kinds of souls. Paul wrote and ministered to gentiles, Peter wrote about and interacted with gentiles, and even Simeon prophesied that Jesus was a light to the gentiles (See: Luke 2:32). (Ps 33:6) This is said to the Gentiles.. Abraham shows his reverential obedience to God by taking Isaac up to the alter. Apostle to the Gentiles. What Does It Really Mean That Your Body Is a Temple? Seeking the Gospel in Malachi, the Last Book of the Old Testament. pp.348-9, The Moslem World. [18] These remarks by Yosef were sharply criticized by many Jewish organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and American Jewish Committee. Gods salvation was, as Paul said, first for the Jew, then for the Gentile (Romans 1:16, Romans 2:10). Under rabbinic law, a modern-day gentile is only required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah, but Jews are required to observe Mosaic law. We need you. Jesus engaged with a Samaritan woman and shared the good news about salvation with her in John 4:1-26. He, along with his family, are considered to be one of the first gentile converts and it is noted that he was highly devout to the Lord. The Greek word most often translated to gentile is . The disciples never used the term, but called him Lord, Master or Teacher. Again and again, He said it: the Son of Man has nowhere to lay His head (Matthew 8:20, ESV). The first English translators followed this approach, using the word "gentile" to refer to the non-Israelite nations (and principally using the word "nation(s)" to translate goy/goyim in other contexts). The vision of a kingdom that included Jews and Gentiles was part of Jesus plan from the very beginning of His ministry. Jesus may have used this means of symbolizing His long-range purpose. Jesus only had what we today call the Old Testament. Bringing hope and resources to military families worldwide. This referred to Gentiles, and Peter ended up inviting Gentile visitors into his home as guests, which would have made him unclean under Jewish law. Jesus turned and announced to the Jewish crowd which was following Him: Truly, I tell you, with no one in Israel have I found such faith (Matthew 8:10, ESV). Meaning and Examples. Here are some shortcuts to specific sections of content if youre in a hurry: The first book of the New Testament, Matthew, begins right where the last book of the Old Testament, Malachi, ended even though there were 400 years of silence from God between the two books. The Pharisees ( / frsiz /; Hebrew: , romanized : Prm) were a Jewish social movement and a school of thought in the Levant during the time of Second Temple Judaism. By comparing them against 6,000 other European genetic samples, Donnelly's team was able to trace the people of Britain . Readers can find many verses in the New Testament where the apostles preached to gentiles and made it clear that they were also now eligible to participate in salvation through Jesus Christ. Bible Meaning and Purpose. [24], The view that gentiles only possess bestial souls was more popularized by the main kabbalistic text of hasidic movement, the Tanya (or Likkutei Amarim). Therefore, let it be known to you that this salvation of God has been sent to the Gentiles; they will also listen (Acts 28:28). They came to know God by the testimony of his people and the Word he revealed. He further believed that gentiles have no share in the world to come. It is the first step to bringing Gentiles into the Church and into, as they understand it, the people of God. Joshua ben Hananiah believed that there are righteous men amongst the gentiles who will enter the world to come. Jesus great commission to preach the Gospel to all peoples and nations is one that Christians today still need to fulfill because there are many, many nations and people who still have never heard the Gospel or even know who Jesus is. (1921). Gentiles means nations, according to Smiths Bible Dictionary. The history of Christmas trees goes back to the symbolic use of evergreens in ancient Egypt and Rome and continues with the German tradition of candlelit Christmas trees first brought to America . How Christians Invented 'Judaism'. $1000 Deductible Waiver and a Free Rental Car! In the English versions of both Testaments it collectively designates the nations distinct from the Jewish people. Instead Find inspiration with 15 Bible Verses Every Christian Should Know By Heart HERE for you to download or share with loved ones! The Gospel starts with a genealogy that shows Jesus is descended from King David (Matthew 1:1-16).