et al., 1995). In addition, patients with untreated
strategy" that can get drowsy drivers safely to their destination. Several approaches have been effective in reducing sleepiness caused by working
long-acting hypnotics, sedating antihistamines (H1 class), and tricyclic antidepressants
sleep (see below). Knipling, Goodman, 1996). Being awakened by driving over a rumble strip is a warning to change sleep and driving
Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. and driving home immediately after an
give drivers a false sense of security about driving while sleepy. those instructions. before driving is both easier and much more successful than any remedial measure reviewed. commercial drivers show a similar pattern (see figure 3). The driver is alone in . amenable to change. approximately every 24 hours. useful. sleep loss experience greater levels of sleepiness than they realise,or are prepared to recognise.23 That is, older people are relatively less sleepy with similar levels of sleep loss. Eliminating stress from your life is possible.Your Answer: ACorrect Answer: B. FALSEIncorrect!Explanation: Item found in Section 7.1 3. and Sleepiness, II. The principal types of primary data the panel used fall into the following categories: The literature reviewed had variations in design, method, rigor, populations included,
In lieu of an objective measure Sleepiness results from the sleep component of the circadian cycle of sleep
Effective countermeasures used to prevent drowsy driving and related crashes. and 1 in 20 scored at the "severe" sleepiness level (National Sleep Foundation
Be notified when an answer is posted. In Pack and
among noncommercial drivers, to be sponsored by the National Highway Traffic Safety
another driver is not available to take over, studies have found two remedial actions that
sector is growing at a rate of 3 percent per year, as businesses such as overnight
In driving simulators,
Cataplexy, a sudden loss of muscle tone ranging from slight weakness
and crashes, the panel believes that shift workers' increased risks for sleepiness are
Educate young males (ages 16 to 24) about drowsy driving and how to reduce
better sleep and performance (Stampi, 1994). long enough to find a motel, call for a ride, or stop driving and sleep. focused on the prevention of inattention and fatigue; traffic crash forms did not have a
In all these attempts to measure subjective sleepiness, a person's response is
carries the greatest risk of sleep disruption because it requires workers to contradict
passenger, talking on a cellular phone or CB radio, chewing gum or ice, or snacking. acute. noted earlier, more research is needed on this topic. (acute) sleepiness and the vehicle-based technology to sense sleepiness. than do people without these disorders (Findley, 1995; American Thoracic Society, 1994;
In the MWT, individuals are instructed to remain awake, and the time it takes (if
At least one motor vehicle crash during the year prior to follow-up evaluation was reported by 6.9% of the 3201 participants. Externally,
generally recommended in an educational campaign as a drowsy-driving countermeasure
crashes each year. shift workers in both the natural environment and the laboratory have shown that day sleep
This Context, Raise Public Awareness About Drowsy-Driving Risks and How To Reduce Them, Educate Shift Workers About the Risks of Drowsy Driving and How To Reduce Them, Other Organizations Can Provide Drowsy Driving Education. that risk is highest soon after the drug regimen is initiated and falls to near normal
Individuals who fall asleep in 5 minutes or less are
National Institutes of Health, Roger Kurrus
and gatekeepers, such as industries where shift work is prevalent. sleepiness and sleep disorders (National Commission on Sleep Disorders Research, 1993). initiatives, the panel recommended the following three priority areas: Educate young males (ages 16 to 24) about drowsy driving and how to
is long. Obviously, however, smoking tobacco should not be
Most adults need at least 7 hours of sleep a day, and teens need at least 8 hours. occupant (McCartt et al., 1996). The MSLT mea- sures the tendency to fall
defining risk factors and high-risk groups than the data on sleepiness or drowsiness. sleep loss, aggravating their risk of drowsy driving. in about three of four fall-asleep crashes (Pack et al., 1995). caffeine equivalent to two cups of coffee may help improve alertness for a short period. Drowsy-driving crashes: Occur most frequently between midnight and 6 a.m., or in the late afternoon. regularly produces feelings of sleepiness during the afternoon and evening, even among
Short duration of sleep appears to
the closest safe resting spot, such as a motel, friend's house, or home; and sleeping. designed to provide direction to an NCSDR/NHTSA educational campaign to combat drowsy
CRASH CHARACTERISTICS The New York State survey found that about
The problem occurs during late-night hours. other shifts to report nodding off at work and at the wheel and having had a driving
evidence, such as police crash reports and driver self-reports following the event, and
To date, research has validated only one type of device that alarms or awakens drivers
impairment that could assist investigating officers in attributing a crash to sleepiness. Males. sleepiness to driving performance in people with medical disorders. include (1) planning to get sufficient sleep, (2) not drinking even small amounts of
factors sometimes are involuntary, such as a medication effect that interrupts sleep. crashes (Pack et al., 1995; Horne, Reyner, 1995b; Maycock, 1996; Knipling, Wang, 1994). One result can be a progressive withdrawal of attention to the tasks
suggest that they tell teenagers to call for a ride at any hour without recriminations if
Interaction between alcohol and sleepiness. This similarity suggests the possibility that the researchers' initial
However, other medical disorders causing disturbed sleep and
recent studies and reviews make an explicit assumption that given the uncertainty in crash
at the wheel without crashing, for example, while stopped at a traffic light. higher speeds involved (Horne, Reyner, 1995b) combined with delayed reaction time. currently used, can emphasize what rumble strips are, their relative cost-effectiveness,
requirements, which hinder quantification. getting a ride from a family member, taking a cab, napping before heading home). of sleepiness have chosen ratings 1 or 2. As
or relevant work, sleep, and other lifestyle habits. In a 1997
the previous 24 hours, and fragmented sleep patterns. Policymakers also may
When this approach is not practical and
Personal Demands and Lifestyle Choices. conditions are undiagnosed and untreated, unaware of the potentially serious consequences
However, younger drivers have no increased risk during the afternoon, when the predictable
Drowsy driving is a serious problem that leads to thousands of automobile
Cultural and lifestyle factors leading to insufficient sleep, especially a combination
In the more recent surveys and reporting of
Although evidence is limited or inferential, chronic predisposing factors
However, Maycock (1996) found that a greater absolute number
occur in built-up areas. Those who suffer chronic sleep
In one study (Carskadon, 1990), boys with the greatest extracurricular time
Although people with untreated sleep apnea syndrome may not be aware of the brief
The midnight to 8 a.m. shift
The Epworth Sleepiness
exercise (e.g., getting out of the car and walking around for a few minutes) (Horne,
had drunk some alcohol (McCartt et al., 1996), and police-reported, fall-asleep crashes
effects on performance of sleepiness, sleep loss, and the combined effects of sleep loss
physical training program reported sleeping longer and feeling less fatigue than did
apnea, relief of sleepiness and related symptoms is not always easily achievable for all
false The rate of alcohol involvement in fatal crashes is higher at night than during the day. acute risk factors and frequently being on the roads during nighttime hours (greater
shift work and drowsy driving issues. A typical crash related to sleepiness __________ A. is not serious. B. involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. to fatigue and inattention, and given the lack of objective tests or uniform reporting
purpose and meaning of shoulder rumble strips, which alarm or awaken sleepy drivers whose
Ph.D.
longer (Maycock, 1996). The ESS has been used in research on driver sleepiness and in correlations of
The panel speculated that drinking
Use of sedating medications, especially prescribed anxiolytic
The driver is alone in . Cleveland Veterans Administration Hospital, Sharon L.
The VAS
Practical issues with this strategy include the inability of some people to take short
and quantity of sleep. The MSLT and MWT were developed for neuro- physiologic assessment and are sensitive to
The panel conducted
long or irregular hours. inconsistencies in the primary data and the literature can be expected. routinely get less sleep and lower quality sleep than do day workers. addition, sleepiness is identifiable, predictable, and preventable. Promote shoulder rumble strips as an effective countermeasure for drowsy driving; in
even one night of sleep may cause extreme sleepiness. hygiene should complement other initiatives and, in combination, reinforce messages on the
It is possible that the effects of low levels of blood alcohol may have an interaction
In North Carolina, males were found to be at the wheel
acute as well as chronic sleep loss. Young people (ages 16 to 29), especially males. An active lifestyle that restricts sleep is a special risk. restricting sleep by 1 or 2 hours a night can lead to chronic sleepiness. Such measures are often promoted as "sleep hygiene" and make intuitive
increase the risk of drowsy driving and drowsy-driving crashes. sleep disrupt and fragment sleep. (acute sleepiness) or routinely (chronic sleepiness). Although this evidence does not demonstrate a conclusive association between shift work
Expert answered| Mr.BreadMan |Points 167| Log in for more information. nonalcohol-related crashes-fatalities occurred in 1.4 percent and 0.5 percent,
which people rate their current level of alertness (e.g., 1= "feelingwide
First, it
Many also were unlikely to use a rest area when they were driving alone at
typical crash related to sleepiness has the follow-ing characteristics: The problem occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon. Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or performance tests that examine the
time or miles (exposure), the use of sedating medication, sleep disorders such as sleep
on approaches that may reduce their risks. The campaign also could counter common misconceptions of useful "stay awake"
The crash occurs on a high-speed road. Sleepiness can result in crashes any time of the day or night, but three factors are most commonly associated with drowsy-driving crashes. Misconceptions that sleepiness is inevitable at this
disruption (Czeisler et al., 1990; Stampi, 1994). These drivers were four times more
highest risk, based on evidence from crash reports and self-reports of sleep behavior and
the stresses of shift work varies (Harma, 1993), and the background factors or coping
You can take effective steps to reduce your risks. Nurses working the night shift reported using white noise, telephone answering
1996). behavioral measures to prevent or relieve sleepiness (Lisper et al., 1986; Dinges, 1995;
IV. increased when different types of studies reach similar conclusions. defined. associated with crashes. same trend but also suggest that sleepiness may play a role in rear-end crashes and
All factors may interact, and
The Stanford Sleepiness
for longer times without taking a break. collected in a laboratory using a driving simulator. sleepy friends of teens to sleep over rather than drive home. Often, however, reasons for sleep restriction represent a lifestyle choice-sleeping less
sleep-deprived drivers who consumed caffeine reduced lane deviations, potential crashes,
Laboratory studies using a driver simulator or other fundamental tests that relate the
Sleepiness causes auto crashes because it impairs performance and can ultimately lead to the inability to resist falling asleep at the wheel. sleep loss. al., 1997). they feel too sleepy to drive. The behavioral steps discussed earlier for younger males also seem reasonable for
People also asked. be used to assess situational sleepiness or to measure sleepiness in response to an acute
That is its most common side affect. The effects of sleep
subjective sleep measures in this scale show strong covariation and relation to sleep
references provided do not, however, reflect all resources available or reviewed by the
is instructed to try to fall asleep. reports, all crashes in the fatigue and inattention categories should be attributed to
crashes were single-vehicle roadway departures (Pack et al., 1995). Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness occurs during late night/ early morning or midafternoon and is likely to be serious. This report, sponsored by the National Center on Sleep Disorders
Countermeasures. Sleep is determined by predefined brain wave
Investigations have demonstrated that circadian phase disruptions caused by rotating
Helpful behaviors
type, and severity. for future educational efforts. British study (Maycock, 1996), respondents said that working the night shift led to
In addition, periods of work longer than 8 hours have been shown to impair task
The subgroup at
F. rom high-profile politicians and celebrities to the general population, people often
Although the relative risk for fall-asleep crashes has not been established,
About 25 percent reported
The crash will likely be serious B.) there have been about 56,000 crashes annually in which driver drowsiness/fatigue was cited
greatest risk comprised the brightest, most energetic, hardest working teens. timing of sleepiness and wakefulness. departure; about one-fourth of those who had fallen asleep without crashing also reported
The minimum dose needed can be obtained in about two cups of percolated coffee,
studies to date have evaluated crash experiences of patients successfully treated for
driving home from work after an on-call night. Studies of crash data that identify the characteristics of crashes in which the driver
The strips are useful
sleepiness, drowsiness, sleep physiology, and sleep disorders, as well as on the
performance of persons with sleep disorders compared with a control group. An inherent deficiency in all types of alerting devices is that many people continue to
As detailed in section III, the greatest proportion of drowsy-driving crashes
following brief discussion, some tools for the assessment of sleepiness are described to
Although many shift workers are not in a position to change or affect their
People whose sleep is out of phase with this cycle,
younger drivers (25 years of age and younger) and drivers between the ages of 26 and 45. campaign materials to inform and assist their own audience-specific efforts. Department of Medical-Surgical Nursing Center for Narcolepsy Research
NCSDR/NHTSA
attitudes about sleep cause many Americans to get inadequate sleep either occasionally
(National Sleep Foundation, 1995). complexity of the issues involved (Rosekind et al., 1995), a combination of alertness
common causes of acute sleep loss. care professionals may not recognize a history of sleepiness as a risk factor for
as alerting devices, but they will not protect drivers who continue to drive while drowsy. respectively (Pack et al., 1995). subject to parental authority. As discussed in section II, the loss of
Both external and internal factors can lead to a restriction in the time available for
sleepiness and alcohol interact, with sleep restriction exacerbating the sedating effects
sleepiness and alcohol and may not recognize related impairments they experience. to stop driving and sleep for an extended period. A single vehicle leaves the roadway. equivalent of two cups of coffee; taking a 20-minute nap, and after the nap, driving to
Testing during the daytime followed
Fall-asleep crashes are likely to be serious. People who have
not been shown to prevent sleep attacks. differences have been found (Harma, 1993). reports on drowsy driving are often inferential. Consumer Automotive Safety Information Division
Many
night of sleep, results in extreme sleepiness (Carskadon, 1993b). Currently about one in
(Garder, Alexander, 1995; National Sleep Foundation, June 1997). can make a short-term difference: Napping. comes quickly (Mitler et al., 1988; National Transportation Safety Board, 1995). The scale correlates with standard
(McCartt et al., 1996). In the New York State
In a survey of hospital nurses, night nurses and rotators were more likely than nurses on
influenced by the light/dark cycle, which in humans most often means wakefulness during
The crash is likely to be serious. countermeasures. and quantity of sleep, work hours, and work patterns [day shift, night shift, rotating
within the 25-to-34 age group (McCartt et al., 1996), and both the 18-to-24 and 25-to-39
near-miss accident while driving home from night work (Novak, Auvil-Novak, 1996). however, the panel suggests that campaign designers consider the following message points,
Some researchers have addressed the problem by analyzing
and further disrupt the sleep schedule. The detection and management of illnesses
The panel concluded that preventing drowsiness with adequate sleep
1994). association of these topics with driving risk and crash prevention. performance on vigilance tasks (Naitoh, 1992). In
excessive daytime sleepiness could pose risks. Characteristics of Drowsy-Driving Crashes, V.
The panel also believes it may be worthwhile to educate
effects (Kerr et al., 1991). is common, and 7 to 9 hours is needed to optimize performance (Carskadon, Roth, 1991). Other rating tools that measure an individual's experience with sleepiness over an
evaluations of potential countermeasures, most of which were laboratory studies. Anecdotal reports also suggest that
and driving a longer time without taking a break or, more often, driving for 3 hours or
opportunities that are spaced 2 hours apart throughout the day and in which the individual
Ceutel, 1995; Gengo, Manning, 1990). People with narcolepsy are as likely to be
The crash occurs on a high-speed road. The panel
However, unlike the situation with alcohol-related crashes, no blood, breath,
than after 8 hours of sleep (Roehrs et al., 1994) (see figure 4). drowsiness was markedly greater during night driving than during daytime driving, with
However, individual response to
is not okay to drive when you are sleepy. The average fatality in an alcohol-related traffic crash costs $1.1 million. Drivers ages 45 through 65 have fewer nighttime
Naitoh (1992)
machines, and light-darkening shades to improve the quality and quantity of daytime sleep
sleepiness while driving, and in many studies a majority of shift workers admit having
The panel also designated shift workers as a high-risk group because the number of
Despite the tendency of society
of hospital nurses reached similar conclusions based on "real world"
Want this question answered? typical patients tend to be overweight and middle aged or older, with a large collar size
rapid and suitable for repeated administration (Mitler, Miller, 1996). sleep-deprived. overtime, or rotating shifts is a risk for drowsy driving that may be both chronic and
These processes create a predictable pattern of two sleepiness peaks, which commonly
Wiki User. and acute situational factors recognized as increasing the risk of drowsy driving and
In comparison with
studies and between groups of different ages or cultures. (based on a 24-hour clock), subjects were awakened every 2 hours for 15 minutes, and
Senior Research Psychologist
These include sleep loss,
evidence of a corrective maneuver, such as skid marks or brake lights, is usually absent
or sleepiness, the patterns became more pronounced. are unharmed in a crash, hyperarousal following the crash usually eliminates any residual
panel did not find data linking such treatment to changes in rates of crashes or
Panel members noted the possibility that more crashes occur on
Napping has the greatest effect on performance several hours after the nap (Dinges
Several studies show that timed exposure to bright light has been successful in helping
it occurs. after night work and early night sleep before morning work (e.g., going to sleep at 7 or 8
with circadian rhythms that produces sleepiness in the afternoon and evening (Roehrs et
Wendel Schneider. The driver does not attempt to avoid the crash. Sleep restriction or loss. Sleeping is the
Caffeine, even in low doses,
Although males up to age 45 have increased crash risks, the panel
today to give sleep less priority than other activities, sleepiness and performance
Risks. Score 1 New York State GTSC Sleep Task Force, 1994; New York State Task Force on Drowsy Driving,
For
socializing, preparing for a trip or vacation, and "pulling all nighters" are
roads in nonurban areas. which the driver was asleep with no evidence of alcohol. Annual averages of roughly 40,000 nonfatal injuries and 1,550 fatalities result
Haraldsson et al., 1990). driven over a rumble strip in the past could personalize the risk, and even seeing the
drive even when they know they are drowsy and fighting to stay awake. "fatigue") were duration of the most recent sleep period, the amount of sleep in
hypnotics, tricyclic antidepressants, and some antihistamines. ethanol concentrations. (New York GTSC Task Force, 1994; New York State Task Force, 1996). they need because their schedules do not allow adequate time for it. NHTSA data
1996). Driving between midnight and 6 a.m. is a high-risk situation. Sleep is a neurobiologic need with predictable patterns of sleepiness and
many of which are appropriate for all public audiences: Sleepiness is a serious risk for young male drivers. throughout a 24-hour period. In the United Kingdom, fatigue related crashes have been identified using the following criteria: The vehicle has run off the road and/or collided with another vehicle or object. fatigue-related accidents was one of its most wanted transportation safety improvements for 2016. loss of one night's sleep can lead to extreme short-term sleepiness, while habitually
those who had a fall-asleep or drowsy-driving crash reported a single-vehicle roadway
The key to safety is what the driver does after hearing the
Additional information and research are
scientific rigor of all this material, original papers, reviews, monographs, and reports
literature searches of online databases in traffic safety, medicine, and physiology using
people who perform shift work-and are thus exposed to crash risk-is increasing. Employers, unions, and shift work employees need to be informed about
Joy Mara of Joy R. Mara Communications for her assistance in the writing of this report. Micro-sleeps, or involuntary intrusions of sleep
A survey of house staff at a large urban medical school found that
1994). This focus
before bedtime) (Richardson et al., 1982; see figure 1). sleepiness decreases performance and increases risk, even at low levels of alcohol use. Population Groups at Highest Risk, VII. appear to have more sleep-related difficulties than do younger workers, but no gender
apnea syndrome (SAS) and narcolepsy. Strictly speaking, fatigue is the consequence of physical labor or a prolonged
midafternoon peaks are consistent with human circadian sleepiness patterns. recent Gallup Survey said you cannot be successful in a career and get enough sleep
crashes, with a peak at 7 a.m. of night nurses working 12-hour shifts reported having had an automobile accident or
Knipling and Wang (1995) found that drivers
markets, and continuous-operation factories prosper and expand. drive. Sleepiness, also referred to as drowsiness, is defined in this report as the need to
drowsiness peaking from late evening until dawn (Wylie et al., 1996). be at greater risk than are early morning drivers who slept well the night before and
sleepiness range from "just about asleep" (left end) to "as wide awake as I
These rumble strips placed on high-speed,
experience sleep loss and sleep disruption that reduce alertness (kerstedt, 1995b; Samel
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Anne T. McCartt,
technology, alerting devices, industrial accidents, and shift work). category for reporting sleepiness as a crash cause. Research has shown that effective steps are available for both employers and employees
Hospital interns and residents routinely lose sleep during on-call periods, which may
category fell between 16 and 29. Successful strategies from drinking and driving campaigns might also be adapted to
An impediment to diagnosis is a lack of physician education on the recognition of
In a driving simulation study, alcohol levels below the legal
D. all of the above Weegy: A typical crash related to sleepiness involves multiple vehicles on the roadway. The crash is likely to be serious. crashes, on-the-job errors, and on-the-job personal injuries due to sleepiness) and more
performance based and in vehicle, linked to alerting devices designed to prevent the
that go off when indications of sleepiness occur. The panel could
monitors, devices that detect steering variance, and tracking devices that detect lane
Although no one is immune from
Retrospective studies that compare crash histories of drivers with sleep disorders with
called for the active involvement of other organizations in an effort to promote
No definitive criteria are available for establishing how
likely to have such a crash than were drivers ages 30 years or older.