rajatarangini was translated into persian by

The minister was persecuted, and ultimately imprisoned because of rumors that he would succeed the king. Updates? It covers the whole range of history in the Kashmir district from the earliest times to its synthesis. The young Chippatajayapida was advised by his maternal uncle Utpalaka or Utpala (IV.679). The most glorious period of the Lodi Dynasty was the ruling period of Sikander Lodi. Kalhana lived in a time of political turmoil in Kashmir, at that time a brilliant center of civilization in a sea of barbarism. Belonged to a different family from Lava's dynasty (I.95), Known for constructing a canal named Suvarnamani, Great-grandson of Shakuni and son of Shachinara's first cousin. The earliest reference to the Kambojas is around the 5th century BCE. The first translation of a portion of the Rajatarangini was carried out in Persian, at the behest of Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin (1421-1472) A.D of Kashmir. (I.191) He belonged to. But his traditional conceptual framework, using uncritical assumptions and a belief in the role of the poet as an exponent of moral maxims, makes the idealizing content in his narrative, particularly for the early period, rather dominant. all exact any . Because of the rising Buddhist influence, people stopped following the Shaivite, Gonanda III founded a new dynasty. for this article. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. Eleven works of former scholars containing the chronicles of the kings, I have inspected, as well as the [Purana containing the] opinions of the sage Nila. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. Rajatarangini is more aptly described as meta history. He was known by his subjects as Bod Shah or Budshah (lit. Uninvolved by and by in the frenzy of contemporary legislative issues, he was significantly impacted by it and expressed the accompanying. that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonarajas Toramana is clearly the Huna king of that name, but his father Mihirakula is given a date 700 years earlier. During the reign of Zain-ul-Abideen, the eighth Sultan of Kashmir, Mulla Ahmad translated Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian. [clarification needed], From Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core, Koenraad Elst: Update on the Aryan Invasion Debate 1999, https://infogalactic.com/w/index.php?title=Rajatarangini&oldid=559022, Articles needing expert attention with no reason or talk parameter, Articles needing expert attention from November 2008, Articles with disputed statements from March 2012, Wikipedia articles needing clarification from June 2011, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, About Infogalactic: the planetary knowledge core. Abu 'l-Fadl Allami, Nizam al-Din and Firishta also state that Shah Mir traced his descent to Arjuna, the basis of their account being Jonaraja's Rajatarangini, which Mulla Abd al-Qadir Bada'uni translated into Persian at Akbar's orders. He also got the Mahabharata and Rajatarangini. An unpopular king, he was killed. 23 February 2011. Later, in the time of Firuz, Sanskrit books on medicine and music were translated into Persian. in the broad and interdisciplinary area of "theory and history of cultural production," Kalhana also states that this king had adopted the doctrine of Jina, constructed stupas and Shiva temples, and appeased Bhutesha (Shiva) to obtain his son Jalauka. Hence the correct answer is Option B. Made his brother Sussala the ruler of Lohara. Verse 11. A Shaivite during whose reigns Buddhists also flourished. Book I attempts to weave imaginary tales of Kashmir kings into epic legends. Subscribe here. The courtyard of the Jama Masjid, Srinagar. Subsequent English translations of Kalhana's Rajatarangini include: Several books containing legendary stories from Rajatarangini have been compiled by various authors. It does not store any personal data. Murdered by Radda. It exposes its own biases instead", "Review of Kingship in Kamr (AD11481459). . Son of Partha. The Shah Mir Sultanate and other South Asian polities, circa 1400 CE. The Himalayan area of Kashmir is an intermontane valley shaped by the stream Jhelum (antiquated name Vitasta), a feeder of the waterway Indus. They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. In 1343 CE, Sultan Jamshid suffered a defeat by his brother who ascended the throne as Sultan Alau'd-Din in 1347 CE. Who translated Rajatarangini in Persian language? We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Made king by the minister Shura. a 12th century CE writer can be a piece essential in understanding the historical backdrop of Kashmir. Brought up by, Within 6months of Bhikshachara's ascension, Sussala recovered his capital, leading to a civil war. In those authorities, Abul Fazl interpreted Ramayana into Persian. By looking at the inscriptions recording the consecrations of temples and grants by former kings, at laudatory inscriptions and at written works, the trouble arising from many errors has been overcome. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. for primarily professional audiences (e.g., in law or medicine). Deposed his half-brother to become the king, but died after a week. View Answer From there, Buddhism spread to several other adjoining regions including Central Asia, Tibet and China. It is a Sanskrit file of the diverse look of Islam. The Journal of Asian Studies Kalhana states that the valley of Kashmir was formerly a lake. Verse 13. Son of Aksha. Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. ). In 1380 C.E. [20][18][19] Economic condition was decent. In his old age, the childless king ordered killing of Sandhimati to prevent any chance of him becoming a king. After a couple of generations a Vijaya from another family took the throne (II.62). Users can access their older comments by logging into their accounts on Vuukle. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: River of Kings) historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Kalhana's work uses Kali and Laukika (or Saptarishi) calendar eras: the ascension year in CE, as given below, has been calculated by Dutt based on Kalhana's records. Rajatarangini (The River of Kings) is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE. Hiranya died childless. . Siddha, the son of Nara, was saved from Nga's fury, because he was away from the capital at the time. Kalhana wrote it was brilliantly prepared for the work. Notes in parentheses refer to a book ("Taranga") and verse. Son of Hiranyakula. Answer. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions [13], Shah Mir arrived in Kashmir in 1313 along with his family, during the reign of Suhadeva (13011320), whose service he entered. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. Who translated Mahabharata and Rajatarangini into Persian? For example, Kalhana has highly exaggerated the military conquests of Lalitaditya Muktapida.[18][19]. It emerged in South Asia after its ancestor dia Answer. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. He allowed the Hindus to build their temples and follow the personal law according to the Dharmashastras. It covers the entire span of history in the Kashmir region from the earliest times to the date of its composition. [4] It is known, however, that Mihirakula was the son of Toramana. Omissions? From the regulation of commodities to the reviving of old crafts, Abidin did everything for overall development of Kashmir and his subjects. magnitude of the journals program within the Press is unique among American November 1941, offering Asianists a wealth of information unavailable Notes: Rajatarangini is a metrical legendary and historical chronicle of the north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir. What 3 things do you do when you recognize an emergency situation? Subscriber Only Stories View All Buy 2-year plan with SD20 code for special price Devout Shaivite. A view of Ziyarat Naqshband Sahab from its yard. Toramana's son Pravarasena, who had been brought up in secrecy by his mother Anjana, freed him. They cannot be abusive or personal. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Rajatarangini, (Sanskrit: "River of Kings") historical chronicle of early India, written in Sanskrit verse by the Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 1148, that is justifiably considered to be the best and most authentic work of its kind. Son of Vajraditya II and Massa. According to the Mahabharata, the Kambojs ruled Kashmir during the epic period (The epic period is estimated to be roughly from 1000 to 600 BC, when some of the greatest epics such as; Ramayana and Mahabharata, came into being during this time). . Compared to translations in other languages, Raman Menons craft is remarkable for its lucidity and elegance. It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Built a new city called Damodarasuda, and a dam called Guddasetu. He endorsed the work to a few officials to make translations of the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language. This item is part of a JSTOR Collection. But oddly enough, no translation of the work into Malayalam had been attempted all this time until Raman Menon, a scholar and author of numerous books in Malayalam including an extensive commentary of [25][26], Sikandar died in April, 1413 upon which, the eldest son 'Mir' was anointed as the Sultan having adopted the title of Ali Shah. Murdered his father, and starved his half-brothers to death. The status of Kalhana's poem Rajatarangini was mediated in colonial India in part through its English translations. [22], Kalhana's account starts to align with other historical evidence only by Book 4, which gives an account of the Karkota dynasty. Answer. [dubious discuss] In fact, his translator Aurel Stein expressed the view that his was the only true Sanskrit history. Sanskrit: This period produced greater works in Sanskrit rather than the previous periods. In subsequent years, through his tact and ability Shah Mir rose to prominence and became one of the most important personalities of his time. But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. it has been transformed into Persian, Get subscription and access unlimited live and recorded courses from Indias best educators. He ascended the throne reluctantly, at the request of his guru Ishana. Rajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order. involving the history, arts, social sciences, philosophy, and contemporary Rajatarangini (Sanskrit: Waterway of Kings) recorded a narrative of early India reasonably viewed as awesome and the best work. Study with Quizlet and memorize flashcards containing terms like Daulat Khan Lodi, Rana Sangam Singh, Zahiruddin Mohammad, Turkish and more. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". During Akbar's time the Ramayana and Mahabharata were also translated into Persian. The Karkota line came to a close with the usurpation of the throne by Avantivarman, who started the Utpala dynasty in 855. Although the earlier books are inaccurate in their chronology, they still provide an invaluable source of information about early Kashmir and its neighbors in the north western parts of the Indian subcontinent, and are widely referenced by later historians and ethnographers. Abul Fazl translated the Panch Tantra (Anwar-i-Sahili) and Faizi the story of Nal-Damayanti into Persian. The Rajatarangini (in a real sense, River of Kings) is an awe-inspiring sonnet (mahakavya/prabandha) created in the old style language, Sanskrit, in 114850 in Kashmir (part of the advanced territory of Jammu and Kashmir, India).Kalhana is said to have been the child of a previous clergyman by the name of Cempaka in the court of a Kashmiri ruler, Harsha. [21] Even where the kings mentioned in the first three books are historically attested, Kalhana's account suffers from chronological errors. Answer: It is court chronicle that deals with the history of rulers of Kashmir. Traces of genuine history are also found, however, in references to the Mauryan emperors Ashoka and Jalauka; the Buddhist Kushan kings Hushka (Huviska), Jushka (Vajheska), and Kanishka (Kaniska); and Mihirakula, a Huna king. [3] The work consists of 7826 verses, which are divided between eight books called tarangas ("waves"). Who wrote the Rajatarangini class 4th English? It was written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri historian Kalhana in the 12th century CE. Son of Lalitapida and his concubine Jayadevi. 2011 Duke University Press Learn about a brief history of Adi Shankaracharya, one of the most revered teachers in India's spiritual history. Nevertheless, multiple scholars identify Kalhana's Ashoka with the Mauryan emperor Ashoka. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. After an Abhimanyu, we come to the main Gonandiya dynasty, founded by Gonanda III. Accordingly, translation was no longer confined solitary to an isolated linguistic context and the socio-cultural aspects of translation were emphasized. Prominent among them were Kota Bhat and Udyashri. After Vikramadityas death, Matrigupta abdicated the throne in favour of Pravarasena. It is by late Vidwan T.K. Rajatarangini, which consists of 7,826 verses, is divided into eight books. Running into almost 8000 stanzas that are inconsistently disseminated among eight books or areas, the Kalhana Rajatarangini is a record of the illustrious administrations that administered the realm of Kashmir from its putative starting points to the writers own time. Here, the emperor's top scribes and secretaries were given the task of translating a range of Sanskrit texts, including the Rajatarangini (The History of the Kings of Kashmir) and the Ramayana, into Persian. Hostname: page-component-7fc98996b9-5r7zs Our editors will review what youve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. He stopped the killing of cows by means . Comments have to be in English, and in full sentences. Who wrote Rajatarangini What does it tell us about? They accepted that this late work was a one-of-a-kind exemption in 3,000 years of Sanskrit abstract culture, which they blamed for totally inadequate regarding a feeling of history even as it had large amounts of sacred writing and folklore. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Copyright 2019 Sawaal.com | All Rights Reserved. And with that touchstone, Kalhanas work can truly lay claim to an important place in world literature itself. In 1574, Akbar started an Maktab Khana or a house of translation works in his new capital of Fatehpur Sikri. Sanskrit Answer: A) Abdul Fazi. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Such striking historical details aside, the preeminent fact is that Kalhanas is a literary text of extraordinary merit. In this article, we will learn about the great ruler, Razia sultan, and the monument, Alai Darwaza. This Vikramaditya is not same as the, Shared the administration with his queen. Zain-ul-Abidin is also called as Akbar of Kashmir and Shahjahan of Kashmir on account of religion and development respectively. Sultan Zain-ul-Abidin of Kashmir had the famous historical work Rajatarangini and the Mahabharata translated into Persian. He filled his court with, Shreshtasena (Pravarasena I / Tungjina II), According to Kalhana, the emperor Vikramditya (alias Harsha) of, Younger brother of Vikramaditya. Ruled with his mother Didda as regent, aided by the minister Naravahana. For example, Ranaditya is given a reign of 300 years. Gave lands to Brahmins. Defeated the Tantrins with help of Damara feudal lords. Content may require purchase if you do not have access. His short reign was marked by a succession struggle with his half-brother Vajraditya II. Cite earlier authors: The oldest extensive works containing the royal chronicles [of Kashmir] have become fragmentary in consequence of [the appearance of] Suvrata's composition, who condensed them in order that (their substance) might be easily remembered. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/topic/Rajatarangini. [Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis 7], SlajeWalter", "The COININDIA Coin Galleries: Sultans of Kashmir", Baharistan-i-Shahi: A Chronicle of Mediaeval Kashmir, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shah_Mir_dynasty&oldid=1141211558, Tomb of the Mother of Zain-ul-Abidin in Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, This page was last edited on 23 February 2023, at 23:00. The translators of Rajatarangini framed the text as more than a solitary example of Indian historical writing; rather, they engaged with it on multiple levels, drawing out, debating, and rethinking the definitions of literature and history and the relative significance of and relationship between them in capturing the identity of the nation and its regions. The. The Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini were translated into Persian by his order. TranslationsRajatarangini was translated into Persian by Zain-ul-Abidin order.There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: Ranjit Sitaram Pandit Horace Hayman Wilson, secretary of The Asiatic Society of Bengal in the early 19th century, and the first English. Zain ul Abidin, a 15th century ruler of Kashmir, appointed scribes to translate the Mahabharata and Kalhana's Rajatarangini into Persian with the aim that these translations would give an insight into Hindu philosophy and culture to the rest of the world. In later years of his reign, he started patronizing unwise persons, and the wise courtiers deserted him. Rajatarangini/Original languages Like the Shahnameh is to Persia, the Rajatarangini is to Kashmir. It is a very good painting of the beyond with splendid recorded understanding. Wife of Damodara. A Persian translation of Rajatarangini was commissioned by Zain-ul-Abidin, who ruled Kashmir in the 15th century CE. What is the best compliment to give to a girl? Qutbuddin died and was succeeded by his son Sultan Sikander also known as the Sikander Butshikand. He was a vyavahari (perhaps merchant) who along with others who owned villages like him had set up little kingdoms during the last days of Karkotas. In our own time, the Kashmiri Sanskrit scholar and former diplomat A.N.D. All Rights Reserved 2022 Theme: Promos by. After this battle, the regions of Ladakh and Baltistan which were under the rule of Kashgar came under the rule of Shah Miris.Sultan also marched towards Delhi and the army of Feroz Shah Tughlaq opposed him at the banks of River Satluj. Rjatarangi (Rjataragi "The River of Kings") is a metrical historical chronicle of north-western Indian subcontinent, particularly the kings of Kashmir, written in Sanskrit by Kashmiri Brahman Kalhana in 12th century CE.[1]. Complete Answer: In 1574 Akbar began a Maktab Khana or a place of interpretation works in Fatehpur Sikri. Kalhana () (c. 12th century CE), a Kashmiri Brahmin, was the author of Rajatarangini, and is regarded as Kashmir's first historian. His family ruled for many generations. An astrologer prophesied that his son-in-law would succeed him as the king. Jonaraja became a Kashmiri antiquarian and Sanskrit writer. Contextual translation of "poyu ta" from Persian into Tagalog. Utkarsha was imprisoned and committed suicide. His Dvity Rjataragin can be a continu Answer. Rajatarangini, paintings of Kalhana written by a 12th ce Answer. [9][10][11], According to Wink, Shah Mir may have been an Afghan or a Qaruna Turk, or even a Tibetan. Ruler of Kashgar (Central Asia) once attacked Kashmir with a large army. He subdued several enemies. [18][19] A welfare-state was installed oppressive taxes were abolished, and free schools and hospitals were commissioned. Son of Vijaya: his "long arms reached to his knees". May 29, 2021 04:35 pm | Updated July 06, 2022 12:26 pm IST. Despite these stated principles, and despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity and a few inconsistencies in the earlier chapters of his book, especially the first three books. It covers the whole range of history in Kashmir from the earliest times to the date of its synthesis. Made king by Sukhavarman, the son of Utpala. Zain-ul-Abidin worked hard to establish a fair rule in Kashmir. He was said to belong to the family of an ancestor called Partha, who was described as a second Partha (an allusion to the Mahabharata hero Arjuna). Owing to a certain want of care, there is not a single part in Ksemendra's "List of Kings" (Nrpavali) free from mistakes, though it is the work of a poet. [7] Romila Thapar equates Jalauka to Kunala, stating that "Jalauka" is an erroneous spelling caused by a typographical error in Brahmi script. Unacademy is Indias largest online learning platform. The fate of Ali Shah is uncertain: he may have died in captivity or have been put to death by Khokhar.[28]. Rajatarangini 's first translation into a foreign language was as long ago as in the first decade of the 13th century, by Haidar Malik into Persian. Answer: [C] Jonaraja Notes: Sultan Sikandar established a department to translate Sanskrit works into Persia and vice versa in Kashmir. Feature Flags: { Request Permissions. The Loharas ruled for many generations. 2 What was the name of Persian translation of Rajatarangini? hasContentIssue true, Copyright The Association for Asian Studies, Inc. 2011, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021911810002998, Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. Answer. This was drained by the great rishi or sage, Kashyapa, son of Marichi, son of Brahma, by cutting the gap in the hills at Baramulla, derived from Sanskrit (Boar's Molar), (Varaha) meaning Boar + (Mula) meaning deep or root. Thus (IV.678) is Book IV verse 678. [5] According to Jonaraja, Shah Mir was the descendant of Partha According to Jogesh Chander Dutt's calculation, this year corresponds to 2448 BCE. His book Tuti Namah (book of the parrot), written in the time of Muhammad Tughluq, was a Persian translation of Sanskrit stories. [15], He was the only Shah Mir ruler to keep Hindu courtiers in his court. [21][25] However, Sikandar was also the first Kashmiri ruler to convert destroyed temples into Islamic shrines, and such a display of supremacy probably had its origins in religious motivations. Rajatharangini promises to arouse a great deal of interest among readers. Verse 13. This king is identified by some with Huna ruler Toramana, although his successor Mihirakula is placed much earlier by Kalhana.[12]. Gonanda was the first king and a contemporary and enemy of the Hindu deity Krishna. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. However, very little about those reigns are known anyway in compare to the later dynasties. Book III starts with an account of the reign of Meghavahana of the restored line of Gonanda and refers to the brief reign of Matrigupta, a supposed contemporary of Vikramaditya Harsha of Malwa. Jogesh Chandra Dutt in the late 19th century. section. [20], Despite the value that historians have placed on Kalhana's work, there is little evidence of authenticity in the earlier books of Rajatarangini. Little is known about the author Kalhana (c. 12th century CE), apart from what is written in the book. Son of Shankaravarman; ruled with help of his mother Sugandha; Murdered, Brother of Gopalavarman, died soon after ascending the throne. Raman Menon, Priyadarshini Publication Society, 1,200. Download our apps to start learning, Call us and we will answer all your questions about learning on Unacademy. In recent years, it has developed its strongest reputation Postmodernism refers to mid to late 20th century. Look through examples of translation in sentences, listen to pronunciation and learn grammar. Owing to the pervasive distraction of COVID-19, Malayalam readers may have missed a notable event: the first translation into their language of a 12th century Sanskrit classic, The list of kings goes back to the 19th century BCE. If you do not have an account please register and login to post comments. Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri? [18] Iinternal rebellions were ably suppressed. Total loading time: 0 The author of the Rajatarangini history chronicles the rulers of the valley from earliest times, from the epic period of the Mahbhrata to the reign of Sangrama Deva (c.1006 CE), before the Muslim era. After that, the English translation. In Books V and VI the history of the dynasty continues to 1003, when the kingdom of Kashmir passed on to a new dynasty, the Lohara. His son Kshemagupta married Didda, daughter of Simharaja of Lohara. There are four English translations of Rjatarangi by: A television series based on Rajatarangini named Meeras was begun in 1986 in Doordarshan Srinagar. [14], Shah Mir worked to establish Islam in Kashmir and was aided by his descendant rulers, specially Sikandar Butshikan. His access to minute details of contemporary court intrigues was almost direct: his father and uncle were both in the Kashmir court. He assigned the work to a few officials to translate the Sanskrit books Rajatarangini, Ramayana and Mahabharata into the Persian language, the literary language of the Mughal court. It describes almost two centuries of the old and early middle age history of the Valley. Turn on. He displayed surprisingly advanced technical expertise for the time in his concern for unconventional sources. This article examines two translations of the textone Orientalist and the other nationalistwith the purpose of interrogating these categories, by drawing out the complex engagement between European and indigenous ideas, and the dialogue between past and present that informed their production. This refers to the fact that the power had passed to the brothers of a queen, who was born in a family of spirit-distillers. The kings of Kashmir described in the Rjatarangi can be roughly grouped into dynasties as in the table below. Rajatarangini in Scholarship The most widely known Rajatarangini (River of Kings) - and the one on which the English translations discussed here are based - is a Sanskrit narrative by Kalhana Pandit dating to 1148-49 AD.1 It is written in verse in the Sanskrit kavya style and divided into eight cantos (or tarangas ), which number close to 8,000 . 1 Who translated Rajatarangini in Kashmiri?