Object 1: Heliocentrism theory changed how people perceive the universe. The Greeks understood technology as the theoretical knowledge that makes the practical applications possible. they may provide a better description of the whence of the objects under examination. OT 3: Knowledge and Politics Part 1. Can new knowledge change established values and beliefs? A reason is this sort of reason only if it is aratio,that is an account given about something that is in front of the person as a judging I and is given to this I. The political as understood here is not what we commonly think of as political parties etc. HOW WHY WHEn tOK Exhibition By Hennd IA Prompt: Can New Knowledge change established values or beliefs? To count can be understood as what is a priori in the project, such as your Exhibition itself. The human observer becomes part of the system that is being investigated in the experiment and, ultimately, determines its outcome. 12. Also, the concept of added value in economics etc. The output that is looked for has already been pre-determined prior to the making or creation. William Blakes The Tyger and the framing of the fearful symmetry that is the tyger). This demand that reasons must be rendered is what is empoweringin the principle of reason. Sometimes we understand experience as the experience, sensation or buzz to be derived from, say, a drug or a rally (Jimi Hendrix Are You Experienced?). How does this statement relate to why human beings seek knowledge? and feel more politically effective in influencing people to politics are politically active. We go to something to see (perhaps with artificial aids such as microscopes) what happens to it under varying conditions, either waiting for the new conditions to arise or intervening to produce them. When we speak of bias we usually mean that it is the particular leaning one may have in order to bring about a pre-determined outcome, the production or bringing forth of which is determined to be a good end. This is just an example of the extraordinary changes in meaning that words have through the centuries and should serve as a warning. In order to put these questions to the things, the things must already be present and be presented to us in some way. As you know, you need to choose one of the 35 IA prompts to base your exhibition on. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs?. when so much then so much. Our understanding of truth gives a precedence to human subjectivity. Experiment and experience were once contrasted with the medieval practice of examining authorities and previous opinions. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. Technology is the beholding of the essence of all things in advance (a priori) in the light of which human beings make and produce things and allows human beings to take a stand towards the things that are in the first place. Thus in pro-jecting, what counts as knowledge is that human being always projects itself on its possibilities, though the range of possibilities varies with the thing chosen. Since discussions about art begin with questions of what the works are as objects, they are interpretations of the what, the how and why of the work that is present before us. From Oedipus to Hamlet and King Lear to Willy Loman, tragic heroes meet their demise, their nemesis, their just desserts, due to their lack of knowledge of who they are and the actions they must take, or not take, because of who they are. Phronesisdeals with the proper sighting of the soulandphronesisis developed through experience and self-knowledge. Affects, passions and feelings (the manner in which we conceive of emotion) are not to be seen as inner experiences: what we are concerned with here is not psychology, not even a psychology underpinned by physiology and biology, but . 15. The Theory of Knowledge Exhibition Prompts The TOK Exhibition (also sometimes called the TOK IA) counts for one-third of your marks in the course. In logic, the word correctnessis lack of contradiction, consistency. Both doubt and skepticism were requirements for beginning thinking. While the responsibility for the work of art belongs to the artist herself, the art that provided the prompt to bring forth the work was certainly not her own although we believe that the creativity and imagination that are inherent in the work are the artists responsibility. View all posts by theoryofknowledgeanalternativeapproach. 11. 26. Historicism denies this truth and it asserts that there is no truth outside of the historical contexts from which it has been produced. The discussion of how knowledges applications are esteemed to have higher value than theoretical knowledge or phronetic knowledge are apropos here, although this was not the case in other cultures at other times. We do not have to look far for examples of disputes with the proper naming of things and you may find any number of them for your Exhibition. Why is an alternative approach necessary? CT 1: Knowledge and Reason as Empowering and Empowerment. Listen closely to your conversations among yourselves. The organisation and classification of things is based on what we know of the things to begin with: the plant-like of the plant, the animation of the animal, the thingness of the thing, etc. This prompt is one that many students will opt for as it will not be too difficult to define the types of knowledge and their use through objects or images. (See response to Prompt #21) Religion is what we bow down to or what we look up to and self-knowledge will reveal the idols that one may look up to or bow down to. they must be given to us a priori. I, for example, havent got a clue what is going on in the fashion arts. Subjectivity, according to Kant, is the lawfulness of reasons which provide the possibility of an object. Can new knowledge change established values or beliefs? This is what Kant called his transcendental method. 12. We doubt a claim when we are lacking certainty and reliability regarding those who are making the claim, the sources of the claim, or when the things about which the claim is being made are not sufficiently justified, that is sufficient reasons have not been supplied for the claim. how the questions of what, how and why are sufficiently answered and the thing about which the claim is being made is sufficiently brought to light and handed over to others. To what extent is certainty attainable? Culture is a 19th century word and has come to prominence with the arrival and dominance of the Human Sciences as a way of viewing the world. What is a sufficient reason? it is public. The language and engagement in the conversation that is dialecticis not the attempt to out-argue someone, but getting ones partner in the conversation to open their eyes and see; dialectic is possible between friends, not between rivals; dialectic is not political. How can we judge when evidence is adequate? Not having a complete personal knowledge of how the computer or hand phone functions is not really necessary unless they do not work and we must consult the experts to find out what has gone wrong. This representational thinking, or visual thinking, determines howthe object stands i.e. Our being-in-the-world is permeated by a lack of knowledge. The Greeks, for example, did not have any values and the closest approximation we have to describe this situation is what the Greeks understood by virtue. In doing so, you will be viewing technology as instrumentality. The knowledge of the techne is his own or he has made that knowledge his own, but the production of knowledge, the products of that knowledge or the applications of the knowledge is through another and for another. Quantum physics challenges what we have understood historically as causality and the role of reason in understanding the world about us, but because its results are reliable and dependable we can count on those results as giving us all that we need to know. CT 1 Knowledge and the Knower: Empowerment. It is obvious that such seeing of possibilities and potentialities is dependent upon the techneof the technological viewing and those who proceed with unethical actions will do so because they believe some personal end which will bring about their own personal eudaimoniaor happiness will be the result, and they will do so under a sense of duty or be just following the orders of their superiors. It is directed by what is called rhetoric, and rhetoric has its own techniques. One of the possible approaches to this prompt is to distinguish between the implications of having or not having self-knowledge and of having or not having shared knowledge. See prompts #19, #31.When we speak of grounds, we are speaking about whether the evidence or the explanation regarding the thing which is being spoken about is adequate or justified. In hindsight, we might say that the research into the making of atomic weaponry should not have been undertaken given the outcomes of their capabilities. The Natural Sciences: Historical Background. When we speak of owning knowledge, we are speaking about that which we have taken possession of for ourselves: I get it!, I understand and it is now mine. This will be discussed in relation to calculation and calculus a little later. We can look at our recovery from various illnesses to see improvements in health care and in the treatment of various diseases. This reckoning is the procedure of doctors making their diagnoses regarding what is required in restoring health to a patient. In order to know the audience so that ones knowledge can be communicated, the speaker of such knowledge must understand the human beings who are the hearers. I know this will likely bother anyone who is interested in order and logic, but I've decided to break the order of prompts so I can publish them as I record them. What we have called objectivity in this writing is a legacy from the German philosopher Kant and his transcendental method and how this thinking was interpreted by the English-speaking empiricists. Thus, the choices of image or objects for this prompt, and the conclusions to be arrived at, are almost unlimited. Exhibition. The principle of reason demands the universal and total reckoning up of everything as something calculable. Experience can also mean to go, travel, etc., literally to go forth, and this understanding has a more external quality. Darwin and Nietzsche: Part 3: Truth as Correctness: Its Relation to Values. For modern thinking, the manner in which beings are is as objects. Our use of tools is primarily a way in which we enhance our sense perception as a way of knowing things in the sciences, but the things themselves must be determined as objects and therefore calculable and measurable prior to our use of the tools. We skip over knowing the reasons for the things being as they are because we, in fact, alreadyknowthem for being what they are and as they are.The Greeks began their journey to thought by first trusting in that which they were seeking, but they also doubted. This is what you are doing with the images and objects of your Exhibition. If not, you will get a 0. There is no Greek world-picture: human beings are at the beck and call of Being. ), while a world-view can be either pre-scientific or scientific. Opinion is an attempt to reveal the truth of something covered over or hidden. About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features Press Copyright Contact us Creators . The second example is a result of the system that is in place that allows beings to seen as how we wish to view them. The ethical obligation is our actions and reflections on the things that are. Technology is that violence that is asserted upon nature which demands reasons for a beings being the way it is. It can also be a statement exhibiting a relation of implication i.e. I have written at greater length about values, knowledge and truth in other sections of this blog and you can explore those writings should you choose to do so. See the link: What is a work of Art? A specific discussion of the computer as an example can be found at this link: https://mytok.blog/2017/07/29/technology-as-a-way-of-knowing-computers/. Calculus arises from the need to be secure about what some thing is; it is a counting on something. From world-views and world-pictures is determined what and how we understand what our personal and shared knowledge are to be. We believe that a truth is only a truth if a reason can be rendered for it. Implication is the act of implying,the state of being implied. In what ways do our values affect our acquisition of knowledge? It is assessed internally, but moderated externally. Until they become a thing, they are not knowable. This prompt speaks to the reasons or grounds that some actions should not be taken prior to reflection on their being undertaken presumably because the ends of those actions are not good ends. You used can in your questi. of mathematics and the sciences begin with the permanent things, the unchanging things and therefore are less subject to interpretation. relates some thing to some other thing. Various communities of knowers establish world-pictures in which only those in the know are able to participate. Does all knowledge impose ethical obligations on those who know it? One finds the best example of this metaphor in Shakespeares Macbeth and in the motif of sickness that runs throughout that play: Art not without ambition, but without/ The illness should attend it: what thou wouldst highly,/ That wouldst thou holily; wouldst not play false, And yet wouldst wrongly win(Act 1 Sc. Thank you sm for this post!!! To that extent, we have renounced the type of description of nature that was customary for centuries and that had been valid as the self-evident goal of all exact natural science. You have to complete the exhibition individually (no more groups) and make sure no one in your TOK class or school uses the same objects or images in their exhibition. Leibniz was also the inventor of what we call the insurance industry today. Our experience of the world is one of being amidst objects and all other determinations of the being of objects is precluded other than that established by the principle of sufficient reason. Judgements and statements are correct, that means true, only if the reason for the connection of subject and predicate is rendered, given back to the representing I. Hence, is it our ethical duty that our thoughts, beliefs and values evolve over time when new information comes to light? the soul that is not prepared for it and does not possess genuine education. While language first has to do with hearing, its purpose is to make us see the thing that is named. The truth of a principle can never be proved from its result. To go into this matter here is much too complicated and I, frankly, am not sure that I am capable of it. When we ask what counts as knowledge, the language of the question should surprise us. Sophia and episteme arenot opinion because they are already complete i.e. Seeking truth for these communities of knowers is much like swimming inside the local lagoon here in Bali where the contours and shapes and the security of ones activities can be carried out without the need to go beyond the safety and security of the surrounding reef to the area where the dangers of the big surf lie and where the sharks await. Inquiries regarding such beliefs are what are called second order questions. TOK. All producing is based on a disclosive looking i.e. The main problem that you will be faced with in this prompt is that it is so broad that a focus is required, and you can begin to do so by looking at how values and beliefs changed in any number of areas of knowledge. That things are exactly measurable: this is a priori for mathematical physics, and this is what counts for mathematical physics. Such a sign speaks the truth in that the fact is that the shop is closed. About calculus, Leibniz once wrote: When God reckons, a world comes into being; with the death of God it is, of course, human beings who do the reckoning that bring worlds into being, what we call perspectivism. To whom or to what are we obliged to them and why? Procuring health is the setting up of conditions and abetting the properties that are already present in nature and allowing those conditions and properties to flourish. The belief of the first type is axiomaticin that it is based upon first principles or self-evident truths. What do these choices indicate? To count is to reckon on or reckon up, to provide the sum of something, its total. When the reason for the connection of the representations has been directed back to the I, what is represented first comes to a stand such that it is securely established as an object for the representing subject. First order claims are those that are made within particular areas of knowledge or by individual knowers about the world, or in this specific case, about the importance of tools in producing knowledge and acquiring knowledge in the various areas of knowledge. Your rationale for establishing the relations between the objects/images will be based on the principle of sufficient reason and will demonstrate and answer the questions what, why, and how. Technology istheoretical;the practical applications, its instrumentality, is secondary to this primary theoretical viewing. Does some knowledge belong only to particular communities of knowers? The disclosure of things is prior to our human judgmental truth. The bias in the production of knowledge will be determined by the ends that have been chosen which will, in turn, determine the methods in which those ends will be achieved, usually unethical ones. Historicism dominates all presentations of what has come to be called knowledge in the 21st century. Ratio and reor can mean to take something as something, such as the leafiness of the plant, the stone as stone, etc. can new knowledge change established values or beliefs objects. This is a particularly troublesome prompt because it requires an exploration of the terms impose and ethical obligations. This is why works of art are turned into things nowadays so that something may be said about them as to what they are and what they may mean.What is unknowable is not a thing. For example, the statement: Mathematical knowledge is certain is a second-order knowledge claim because it is about mathematical knowledge, and the tools that are suggested by this prompt will usually be related to the knowledge that is produced mathematically. 24. to determine what our tastes should be in our various forms of entertainment. Diaeresis is the separation that allows something to be set in relief, juxtaposed and thus brought forward, a setting off and distinguishing of something from something else. What is the relationship between knowledge and culture? So, in effect, this means: pre-will is in one state/condition and post-will is in an altered state/condition. The book Les malheurs de Sophie was made by Kounouz about the misfortunes of a girl named Sophie. A world-picture is only one constituent of a world-view. One cannot say that Galileos doctrine of the free fall of bodies is true and that of Aristotle, who holds that light bodies strive upwards, is false; for the Greek conception of the essence of body, of place, and of their relationship depends on a different interpretation of beings and therefore engenders a different way of seeing and examining natural processes. Infatuation is a common example, not simply for another human being but for the outward appearances of things. It is assessed internally, that is by your own teachers, but moderated externally by IB examiners. Your first step is to ensure that you understand what principles and key concepts are involved in the prompt you have chosen. This perfection is the striving for the completeness of the foundation. When we compare the latest I-Phones to what appeared previously, what counts for improvements are the greater number of apps that are applicable to making our everyday encounters more efficient and reliable. It reveals when it is true; it does not reveal when it is false. If sufficient reasons are not given, we doubt the truth of the claim being made. The German philosopher Nietzsche once wrote: To stamp becoming with the character of being that is the supreme will to power (WP 617). Experts help the societies of which they are members determine what is best to know within that society. This is the process that you are attempting in your Exhibition, and your report to the IB on your Exhibition will demonstrate this. What is the relationship between personal experience and knowledge? Your email address will not be published. When what is is defined as object, as object it becomes the ground and basis of all things, their determinations as to what they are, and the kinds of questioning that determine those determinations. Sophists are the norm in todays societies; and because they are the norm, they should be treated with scepticism. The evidence is considered adequate when the idea in the mind corresponds to the object which is under investigation and that object gives us its reasons for being as it is. In Latin, this account is ratio:the ground of the truth of judgement isratio. Suffice it to say that it must be asked: where in all human activity do human beings encounter their essence, what they truly are? The first belief is also a case of knowledge in the sense of a belief in its first principles; the second is probably knowledge within the context of our conception of time; but the third is (at present) merely belief. Human beings becoming a subjectum is to be found in the thinking of Descartes. Our cognition, based as it is on the principle of reason, has great difficulty seeing and understanding this statement. Understandably, considering different perspectives might be challenging sometimes. To experience can be understood in many ways. These are subsets of the political in its essence. To count on means that the knowledge produced can be relied upon with certainty to be that which is said about it. It is the unity of a subject with its predicate and the support for their being connected is the basis or ground of the judgement and provides justification for the judgement. Why, for example, are we obliged to preserve panda bears in conditions that are far better than most human beings in the world? atoms or historical figures, varies with our prior conception of their being, how we have defined and classified them.
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